The theory strongly argues that these objects must have formed and grown within the most massive dark matter halos ( M halo ∼ 10 12−13 M ⊙) in highly biased regions of the early Universe, where seed black holes may find suitable physical conditions to form and sufficiently large reservoirs of gas to grow ( Sijacki et al. The existence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs with masses of 10 8−10 M ⊙) powering luminous quasars at z ∼ 6 and beyond presents a severe challenge for extragalactic astronomy.
Key words: galaxies: high-redshift / quasars: general / quasars: supermassive black holes / quasars: individual: SDSSJ1030+0524 Our finding lends support to the idea that the most distant and massive black holes form and grow within massive (>10 12 M ⊙) dark matter halos in large-scale structures and that the absence of earlier detections of such systems is likely due to observational limitations. This is the first spectroscopic identification of a galaxy overdensity around a supermassive black hole in the first billion years of the Universe. The spectral properties of the six member galaxies (Ly α strength and UV luminosity) are similar to those of field galaxies at similar redshifts. The four LBGs were identified among a sample of 21 i-band dropouts with z AB 3.5 σ and that the level of the galaxy overdensity is at least 1.5−2 within the large volume sampled (∼780 physical Mpc 3). The structure is populated by at least six members, namely, four Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs), and two Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs). We report on the spectroscopic confirmation of a large-scale structure around the luminous z = 6.31 quasi-stellar object (QSO) SDSS J1030+0524, powered by a one billion solar mass black hole. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21210, USA Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italyĭipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (IASF), Via A. INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza delle Spazio di Bologna, OAS, Via Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyĮ-mail: – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Italyĭepartment of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA Cassarà 4, Andrea Comastri 1, Felice Cusano 1, Kazushi Iwasawa 5 ,6, Stefano Marchesi 1, Isabella Prandoni 7, Cristian Vignali 8 ,1, Fabio Vito 9, Giovanni Zamorani 1, Marco Chiaberge 10 and Colin Norman 10 ,11 Marco Mignoli 1, Roberto Gilli 1, Roberto Decarli 1, Eros Vanzella 1, Barbara Balmaverde 2, Nico Cappelluti 3, Letizia P.
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